LLMilestonesA milestone timeline of AI and large language models

Act I · Foundations

PaperGoogle

Attention Is All You Need

Introduced the Transformer, an architecture built entirely on self-attention, dropping RNNs and convolutions.

8authors, most of whom later left Google to found companies

Why it matters

It trains in parallel and handles long-range dependencies better. Almost every large model since, from GPT and BERT to Claude and Gemini, is built on it.

Costs and controversy

At the time it was just a machine-translation paper, and self-attention's cost grows with the square of sequence length, a problem that persists today.

Built on

AlexNet

Led to

GPT-1BERTFlashAttention

Source: arxiv.org ↗

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